Gestão participativa das partes interessadas em área de manancial: uma abordagem usando análise multicritério / Participatory management of stakeholders in spring area: an approach to multicriteria analysis

RESUMO A promulgação da Lei Federal n° 9.433, de 8 de janeiro de 1997, foi um marco político e técnico da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil, ao instituir a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, que, nos seus fundamentos, preconiza a gestão dos recursos hídricos descentralizada e a participação do Poder Público, dos usuários e das comunidades. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer indicadores de sustentabilidade para a área de manancial do município de Paranavaí, no estado do Paraná, Brasil, usando uma abordagem de gestão participativa das partes interessadas associada a ferramentas de análise multicritério para auxílio à tomada de decisão. A área de manancial está inserida numa área de proteção ambiental (APA) denominada de APA Arara. Os métodos utilizados foram mapeamento cognitivo e measuring attractiveness by a categorical-based evaluation technique (MACBETH), aplicados durante uma conferência de decisão com a participação de diversos atores diretamente atingidos e fortemente interessados no tema, tais como órgãos gestores, produtores rurais, empresários do ramo imobiliário, vereadores, instituições de ensino superior etc. No fim da conferência de decisão, 14 indicadores foram definidos e seus pesos estabelecidos. Os resultados obtidos servem de subsídios para a gestão mais eficiente do recurso hídrico, pois conduziram à solução de maior comprometimento, ao envolver muitos atores representantes das partes interessadas. Além disso, mostraram que o uso combinado de mapas cognitivos e da abordagem MACBETH possibilitou a definição de indicadores de sustentabilidade para a APA de forma transparente e eficaz, demonstrando o sucesso na gestão participativa do recurso hídrico.

ABSTRACT The enactment of Federal Act nº 9433, on January 8th, 1997, was a political and technical milestone in water resources management in Brazil, by instituting the National Water Resources Policy which, in its foundations, stablishes decentralized management with the involvement of official authorities, customers and communities. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to set out sustainability indicators for a spring area in the municipality of Paranavaí, located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, using an approach based on the participatory management of stakeholders associated with multi-criteria analysis tools for decision-making support. The spring is located in an Environmental Protection Area, named APA Arara. The methodology consisted in cognitive mapping and the Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) approach, applied during a decision conference attended by a number of agents directly affected by, and strongly interested in, the issue, such as managing agencies, rural producers, real estate businessmen, councilors, representatives of higher education institutions, among others. By the end of the decision conference, 14 indicators were defined and their weights stablished. The obtained results provide the basis for more efficient water resources management, as they led to the most committed solution by involving many different stakeholders. Furthermore, they showed that the combined use of cognitive maps and the MACBETH approach enabled the setting of sustainability indicators for the APA Arara in a transparent and effective way, emphasizing their success in the participatory water resources management.

Sistema de apoyo al diagnóstico médico de COVID-19 mediante mapa cognitivo difuso / Support system to Covid-19 medical diagnosis via diffuse cognitive map

Introducción: Los escenarios de convivencia de las diversas poblaciones son muy complejos, lo que contribuye con la propagación de enfermedades. Diagnosticar tempranamente enfermedades infecciosas representa una tarea fundamental para disminuir su propagación y evitar epidemias. Sin embargo, la inconsistencia en los datos de poblaciones y la imposibilidad de contar con un diagnóstico oportuno en muchos casos trae como consecuencia la proliferación de pandemias tales como la COVID-19. Objetivo: Desarrollar un sistema de apoyo al diagnóstico médico para COVID-19 a partir de la modelación de las relaciones causales de los criterios de diagnóstico, para conformar el mapa cognitivo difuso. Métodos: Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos, tales como: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, hipotético-deductivo, modelación. Como método empírico se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada con la intención de recoger información que permitiera incluir contenidos no prescritos y precisar el conocimiento de los expertos sobre los principales indicadores para la toma de decisiones en el diagnóstico médico de la COVID-19. Resultados: El sistema funciona a través de un mapa cognitivo difuso para modelar las relaciones causales que representan la base de la inferencia. Se utilizan técnicas de inteligencia artificial como base al diagnóstico médico. Se presenta un ejemplo demostrativo para el diagnóstico médico de la COVID-19 en el que se modelan las relaciones causales de los diferentes conceptos que describen la enfermedad provocada. Conclusiones: El sistema diseñado constituye una herramienta viable de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en el diagnóstico médico de la COVID-19, que permite obtener criterios evaluativos a partir de la modelación de las relaciones causales, esto lo hace extensible a otros tipos de situaciones de emergencias sanitarias(AU)

Introduction: Different populations coexistence scenarios are very complex, which contributes to the spread of diseases. Diagnosing infectious diseases early is a critical task in reducing its spread and preventing epidemics. However, inconsistency in population data and the inability to have timely diagnosis in many cases result in the proliferation of pandemics such as COVID-19. Objective: Develop a support system for COVID-19 medical diagnostic from modeling causal relations of diagnostic criteria, to form the diffuse cognitive map. Methods: Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used for the development of the research, such as: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, hypothetical-deductive, modeling. As an empirical method, the semi-structured interview was used with the intention of collecting information that would include unprescribed contents and require expert knowledge of the main indicators for decision-making in COVID-19 medical diagnosis. Results: The system works through a diffuse cognitive map to model causal relationships that represent the inference´s basis. Artificial intelligence techniques are used as a basis for medical diagnosis. A demonstrative example is presented for COVID-19 medical diagnosis in which are modelled the causal relations of the different concepts that the disease describes. Conclusions: The designed system is a viable support tool for decision-making in COVID-19 medical diagnosis, which allows to obtain evaluative criteria from the modelling of causal relations, and this makes it extendable to other types of health emergencies situations(AU)

Cognitive map study of type 2 diabetic nephropathy based on BP neural network model / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective A BP neural network model for diagnosing type 2 diabetic nephropathy based on laboratory tests was developed and evaluated. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy from 5 hospitals of Chongqing,Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces from January 2016 to December 2016 were collected in the study. Totally 89 parameters were analyzed by univariate analysis to identify significant variables by SPSS 19. 0 and MATLAB 2014a. The diagnostic performance of the two methods were compared. Results A total of 477 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and 449 patients of control group were included. Univariate analysis showed that 42 variables had significant difference. Logistic regression analysis showed that 12 variables were included in the optimal regression equation. This BP neural network had 42 input layer nodes,15 hidden layer nodes and 1 output layer nodes. The Youden index of logistic regression analysis and BP neural network(training set and test set) were 0.76,0.89 and 0.83. The accurately diagnosed were 88.12%,94.24%,and 91.34%,the AUC were 0.95,0.98,and 0.96. Conclusion A BP neural network model was developed,which has important accessory diagnostic value for diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. But all these conclusions need further validation in clinic.

Competências críticas ao desenvolvimento de mapas cognitivos de redes interorganizacionais / Critical capabilities for the development of cognitive maps of inter-organizational networks

Este artigo identifica alguns dos conhecimentos e habilidades requeridos para a compreensão e abstração de redes interorganizacionais por intermédio de diagramas de rede. Para tanto, realizou-se um exercício prático junto a 102 alunos da área de administração. No exercício, foi pedido o desenvolvimento de um diagrama de rede a partir da transcrição de falas de atores centrais de uma rede do cultivo de uva. Na fase de pré-análise das respostas, os pesquisadores identificaram aspectos críticos para abstração de redes interorganizacionais, reflexão que auxiliou a definir os códigos requeridos para exploração do material por meio de análise de conteúdo: abstração de organizações com mesma função na rede; abstração de macroprocessos que compõem a rede; abstração do ator central da rede. Além de apurar a grande dificuldade dos alunos para compreender e abstrair redes interorganizacionais, o exercício auxiliou na identificação de algumas competências críticas para tal, como: conhecimentos e habilidades referentes a entidades e seus relacionamentos, como os alcançados pela prática das técnicas de construção de modelo entidade-relacionamento; conhecimentos e habilidades de processos de negócio, em especial de atividades de decomposição e síntese de processos.

Particularidades de la socialización en estudiantes talentos de ciencias de la computación / Particularities of socialization in talented students of Computer Sciences

Las ciencias de la computación se han convertido en uno de los pilares fundamentales sobre el que se erige actualmente el desarrollo social. La sociedad del conocimiento requiere formar profesionales competentes con un desarrollo integral de la personalidad, que conceda significación tanto a lo intelectual como a lo social. Se analizaron las particularidades de socialización de cinco estudiantes talentos de tercer y cuarto años de la carrera ciencias de la computación. Para esto se empleó un diseño mixto, con un predominio de la metodología cualitativa. El estudio de casos se realizó mediante una entrevista en profundidad a cada uno de los estudiantes seleccionados. Para caracterizar el fenómeno de la socialización en la carrera, como técnica de recogida de información se utilizó la entrevista a expertos y el cuestionario. El modelo de socialización que ha construido la carrera, y al que se encuentran expuestos los estudiantes talentos de esta especialidad, privilegia lo intelectual por encima de lo social en la formación y el desempeño profesional y llega a formar un prejuicio en relación con la socialización. La tendencia a la proyección lógico-algorítmica del intelecto de los estudiantes talentos analizados predispone la construcción del mapa cognitivo de lo social y es responsable de las particularidades y del sentido de su socialización. Además, la socialización informática, producto del establecimiento de relaciones sociales por medio de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, no compensa la insuficiencia de la socialización interpersonal.

Computer Sciences have become one of the fundamental milestones of social development. The knowledge society requires to train competent professionals with an integral personality development, which gives importance to the social and intellectual aspects. We analyzed the particularities of socialization of five talented students from third and fourth year of Computer Sciences. To this end, it was used a mixed design with predominance of the qualitative methodology. The case- study was developed by applying an in-depth interview to every selected students. To characterize the phenomenon of socialization in the career, as techniques to collect information, we used the interview to experts and the questionnaire. The socialization pattern that have been built in the career and to which the talented students of this specialty are exposed, gives preference to the intellectual aspect over the social aspect in the professional training and performance, becoming a prejudice to socialization. The tendency to the logical-algorithmic projection of the intellect in the talented students analyzed predisposes the construction of the cognitive map of the social aspect, and it is responsible for the peculiarities and for the sense of their socialization. Besides, the informatics socialization, which is the result of the establishment of social relations by means of the new information technologies, does not compensate the insufficiency of interpersonal socialization.